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Lithium as a probe of stellar and galactic physics

Authors: C. Charbonnel, N. Prantzos

Published: February 19, 2026

Lithium plays a unique role in astrophysics, as it is a powerful diagnostic for the physics and evolution of low-mass stars, Galactic archaeology, and cosmology. We review the Li observations in stars at different phases of their evolution, the strengths and the limitations of the current theoretical stellar models to explain the Li abundance data, our understanding of the Li sources and of the evolution of Li through- out the Galactic history. Key takeaways from the current state of the research in the field are: 1) Stellar evolution models accounting for fundamental transport processes of chemical species and angular momentum hold the promise of providing a common stellar Li depletion explanation to the Li abundance patterns observed in all Galactic stellar populations, including the dip and the plateau(s). 2) Novae are most probably the main source of Li in the Galaxy, on observational (but not yet theoretically established) grounds. 3) Radial migration of stars in the Galactic disk holds the key to understand many aspects of the Li evolution in the Milky Way.

Multi-Method Li Plating Characterization of a Commercial 26 Ah Li-Ion Pouch-Cell

Authors: Christiane Rahe, Heinrich Ditler, Thorsten Tegetmeyer-Kleine, Marius Flügel, Thomas Waldmann, Margret Wohlfahrt Mehrens, Philipp Schleker, Peter Jakes, Beatrice Wolff, Josef Granwehr, Rüdiger-A. Eichel, Jiří Vacík, Giovanni Ceccio, Antonino Cannavo, Ivana Pivarníková, Ralph Gilles, Peter Müller-Buschbaum, Adrian Mikitisin, Joachim Mayer, Michael Noyong, Ulrich Simon, Marius Bolsinger, Volker Knoblauch, Dirk Uwe Sauer

Published: February 19, 2026

Lithium (Li) plating on graphite is a significant degradation mechanism in Li-ion batteries. While numerous experimental techniques have been used to study Li plating in laboratory cells, investigations of commercial high-energy cells often rely on electrochemical methods. Here we present and classify various methods for detecting Li plating on a commercial A123 pouch cell. In a round robin study across multiple battery research laboratories, Li-plated graphitic electrode material was analyzed using electrochemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic methods capable of detecting metallic Li deposits. After cell opening, their overall distribution on the anode surface was examined using a flatbed scanner to ensure comparability of the samples. Optical and electron microscopy provided detailed surface and, in combination with a focused ion beam, subsurface structure and morphology. Spectroscopic methods confirmed the presence and onset of plated Li with varying sensitivity. Moreover, spectroscopic and imaging techniques were combined correlatively where possible. Availability and measurement duration of each technique was compared. Optical methods are fast and easy to use; thus, they are recommended for most samples, with spectroscopic confirmation reserved for reference samples. This multimodal study demonstrates a range of methods that can be used alone or in combination to qualitatively or quantitatively detect Li-plating.

Multi-objective optimization and quantum hybridization of equivariant deep learning interatomic potentials on organic and inorganic compounds

Authors: G. Laskaris, D. Morozov, D. Tarpanov, A. Seth, J. Procelewska, G. Sai Gautam, A. Sagingalieva, R. Brasher, A. Melnikov

Published: February 18, 2026

Allegro is a machine learning interatomic potential (MLIP) model designed to predict atomic properties in molecules using E(3) equivariant neural networks. When training this model, there tends to be a trade-off between accuracy and inference time. For this reason we apply multi-objective hyperparameter optimization to the two objectives. Additionally, we experiment with modified architectures by making variants of Allegro some by adding strictly classical multi-layer perceptron (MLP) layers and some by adding quantum-classical hybrid layers. We compare the results from QM9, rMD17-aspirin, rMD17-benzene and our own proprietary dataset consisting of copper and lithium atoms. As results, we have a list of variants that surpass the Allegro in accuracy and also results which demonstrate the trade-off with inference times.

Description of nucleon elastic scattering off $^6$Li with the four-body continuum-discretized coupled-channels method

Authors: Kazuyuki Ogata, Shoya Ogawa

Published: February 17, 2026

Background: Neutron reactions off lithium isotopes up to 50 MeV are important for nuclear data science, around the International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) facility in particular.
  Purpose: We aim at constructing a semi-microscopic reaction model that describes neutron elastic scattering off $^6$Li up to 50 MeV taking the breakup channels of $^6$Li into account.
  Methods: We adopt the continuum-discretized coupled-channels method (CDCC) with an $α+p+n$ three-body model of $^6$Li. We employ the $g$-matrix effective interaction by Jeukenne, Lejeune, and Mahaux (JLM). The renormalization factors of the real and imaginary parts of the JLM interaction are treated as free parameters.
  Results: The renormalization parameter of the real part of the JLM interaction is found to be constant ($=1.1$), whereas that for the imaginary part has a smooth energy dependence. The four-body CDCC calculation with these parameters well describes the angular distributions of both proton and neutron elastic scatterings as well as the neutron total cross section and proton total reaction cross section. The applicable energy range is found to be from 7 MeV to 50 MeV.
  Conclusions: We have constructed a reliable reaction model for describing nucleon-$^6$Li scattering between 7 MeV and 50 MeV. This model can directly be applied to inelastic scattering and break reactions for $^6$Li with the help of the complex scaling method.

Isotope effect in the work function of lithium

Authors: Atef A. Sheekhoon, Abdelrahman O. Haridy, Vitaly V. Kresin

Published: February 17, 2026

The work functions of 7Li and 6Li metals have been measured as a function of temperature, by using photoionization of pure isolated metal nanoparticles in a beam. These data reveal a marked isotope effect in the temperature variation of these work functions. Furthermore, for both isotopes the curvature of this temperature variation is found to be significantly larger than may be ascribed purely to a change in the electron gas density. These findings enhance the characterization of lithium as a quantum material in which the interplay between electronic and ionic degrees of freedom is nontrivial, and call for a microscopic understanding beyond simple models. Additionally, the slope of the work function curves was observed to vanish in the low temperature limit, as had been predicted on the basis of the Third Law of thermodynamics.

Lattice XBAR Filters in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate

Authors: Taran Anusorn, Byeongjin Kim, Ian Anderson, Ziqian Yao, Ruochen Lu

Published: February 16, 2026

This work presents the demonstration of lattice filters based on laterally excited bulk acoustic resonators (XBARs). Two filter implementations, namely direct lattice and layout-balanced lattice topologies, are designed and fabricated in periodically poled piezoelectric film (P3F) thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN). By leveraging the strong electromechanical coupling of XBARs in P3F TFLN together with the inherently wideband nature of the lattice topology, 3-dB fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 27.42\% and 39.11\% and low insertion losses (ILs) of 0.88 dB and 0.96 dB are achieved at approximately 20 GHz for the direct and layout-balanced lattice filters, respectively, under conjugate matching. Notably, all prototypes feature compact footprints smaller than 1.3 mm\textsuperscript{2}. These results highlight the potential of XBAR-based lattice architectures to enable low-loss, wideband acoustic filters for compact, high-performance RF front ends in next-generation wireless communication and sensing systems, while also identifying key challenges and directions for further optimization.

Capacity gain in Li-ion cells with silicon-containing electrodes

Authors: Marco-Tulio F. Rodrigues, Charles McDaniel, Stephen E. Trask, Daniel P. Abraham

Published: February 13, 2026

Silicon-containing lithium-ion batteries can exhibit capacity gain early in life, which makes forecasting future cell behavior difficult. We have observed these anomalous trends even in conditions where known mechanisms, such as overhang equalization and excessive electrolyte oxidation, are unlikely to be significant. Here, we combine simulations and experiments to analyze four cases that can produce increased capacity in Si cells. Three of these pathways relate to break-in processes, where improved mass and charge transport can lead to increased access to active electrode domains and decreased cell impedance. The fourth case occurs at high levels of prelithiation, when the positive electrode (PE) is completely replenished with Li+ at the end of cell discharge. We show that the commonality among these mechanisms is that the underlying transformations change the potentials experienced by electrodes at the end of half-cycles, increasing the Li+ inventory available to the cell. A quantitative framework to describe these effects is presented, enabling these ideas to be extended to other battery systems.

Broadband Tunable Photon-Pair Generation and Spectrum Measurement Based on Noncritical Lithium Niobate Crystals

Authors: Zhao-Qi-Zhi Han, Bo-Wen Liu, He Zhang, Zhi-You Li, Xiao-Hua Wang, Jin-Peng Li, Zheng-He Zhou, Qi-Yu Chen, Yin-Hai Li, Zhi-Yuan Zhou, Bao-Sen Shi

Published: February 12, 2026

Photon pairs play a vital role in modern science, driving extensive research into their generation. Yet, the narrow phase-matching bandwidth of conventional crystals has largely confined studies to specific wavelengths, leaving research on broadband tunable sources underexplored. Here, we employ a non-critical phase-matched lithium niobate (LN) crystal to generate widely tunable photon pairs. The generated near-infrared (NIR) photon pairs exhibit a high coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR > 20 dB) and are tunable across the 800-1600 nm range. We further showcase the utility of NIR photon pairs in spectroscopy by detecting carbon monoxide (CO) gas absorption. This approach will facilitate the design of advanced LN-based photonic experiments.

Thermodynamics and kinetics of lithium at the silver-lithium battery interface

Authors: Grace M. Lu, Dallas R. Trinkle

Published: February 11, 2026

Silver interlayers have been shown to enable smooth lithium deposition and cycling in anode-free solid-state batteries. Here, we report the atomic structure of the Ag and Li interface, showing that Li preferentially plates as FCC on both the (111) and (100) Ag surfaces. This forms an energetically favorable coherent interface with Ag, while the BCC phase forms a semi-coherent interface due to large lattice mismatch. We also calculate vacancy formation energies and migration energies for Li diffusion through the interface. We show that vacancy formation energies increase at the interface, leading to an energetic driving force for vacancies to diffuse away from the interface. Additionally, the migration barriers for vacancies from the Ag to the Li are small (29 meV), and therefore promote rapid alloying between Ag and Li. Rapid Li diffusion kinetics directly at the interface leads to smooth deposition of Li, reducing the onset of dendrites. However, diffusion in the 2nd and 3rd Li layers is slower compared to bulk FCC or BCC Li, leading to kinetically hindered alloying when multiple layers of pure Li form. The diffusion kinetics for Ag nanoparticles may be improved by alloying with Mg to expand the Ag lattice constant while forming a solid solution with both Ag and Li.

Computational discovery of cathode materials for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Authors: Caio Miranda Miliante, Brian D. Adams, Drew Higgins, Oleg Rubel

Published: February 10, 2026

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (RAZIBs) attract considerable scientific and commercial interest for deployment in grid-scale energy storage due to higher safety and lower manufacturing cost when compared to lithium-ion batteries. However, currently studied cathode materials suffer from severe capacity fade when cycling at rates appropriate for grid-scale applications ($<$ C/2), which hampers the commercialization of RAZIBs. To address the present limitation on cathode material availability, more than 2000 previously synthesized oxides, chalcogenides, Prussian blue analogues, and polyanion materials were computationally screened for the discovery of highly stable RAZIB cathode materials. The structural, electrochemical, and chemical properties of the materials were respectively evaluated through an investigation of the available Zn$^{2+}$ percolation paths in the crystal structure, the stability of the material in aqueous media under RAZIB operation conditions, and the attained transition metal oxidation state during cycling. The transition metal oxidation state and intercalating ion coordination environment were determined to govern the magnitude of the calculated intercalation potential, with this finding directly supporting the development of batteries with high operation potentials. Finally, 10 previously unexplored materials were identified with leading metrics for operation as RAZIB cathode materials, such as high Zn$^{2+}$ (de)intercalation potential, electrochemical stability, theoretical gravimetric capacity, and energy density, being here proposed for experimental testing. The materials identified in this study demonstrate a guide for advancing the available cathode materials for RAZIB, and help expedite the establishment of RAZIB as a commercially viable technology for grid-scale energy storage.

Lithium Fluoride Guide

Lithium Fluoride

arXiv Scientific Articles: "lithium fluoride"

Chemical Data for: Lithium

CID: 3028194

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Lithium Fluoride in Nuclear Reactors and Radiation Shielding

Lithium Fluoride as a Flux in Glass and Ceramic Industry

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